97. Conjugation consists in appending certain endings to the Stem. We distinguish three different stems in a fully inflected verb,—
I. Present Stem, from which are formed—
1. Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative,
2. Present and Imperfect Subjunctive,
3. The Imperative,
4. The Present Infinitive,
- (Active and Passive.)
5. The Present Active Participle, the Gerund, and Gerundive.
II. Perfect Stem, from which are formed—
1. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative,
2. Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive,
3. Perfect Infinitive,
- (Active.)
III. Participial Stem, from which are formed—
1. Perfect Participle,
2. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative,
3. Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive,
4. Perfect Infinitive,
- (Passive.)
Apparently from the same stem, though really of different origin, are the Supine, the Future Active Participle, the Future Infinitive Active and Passive.
THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS.
98. There are in Latin four regular Conjugations, distinguished from each other by the vowel of the termination of the Present Infinitive Active, as follows:—
| CONJUGATION. | INFINITIVE TERMINATION. | DISTINGUISHING VOWEL. |
|---|---|---|
| I. | -āre | ā |
| II. | -ēre | ē |
| III. | -ĕre | ĕ |
| IV. | -īre | ī |
99. PRINCIPAL PARTS. The Present Indicative, Present Infinitive, Perfect Indicative, and the Perfect Participle[28] constitute the Principal Parts of a Latin verb,—so called because they contain the different stems, from which the full conjugation of the verb may be derived.
CONJUGATION OF SUM.
100. The irregular verb sum is so important for the conjugation of all other verbs that its inflection is given at the outset.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| PRES. IND. | PRES. INF. | PERF. IND. | FUT. PARTIC.[29] |
| sum | esse | fuī | futūrus |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
|---|---|---|
| PRESENT TENSE. | ||
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | |
| sum, I am, | sumus, we are, | |
| es, thou art, | estis, you are, | |
| est, he is; | sunt, they are. | |
| IMPERFECT. | ||
| eram, I was, | erāmus, we were, | |
| erās, thou wast, | erātis, you were, | |
| erat, he was; | erant, they were. | |
| FUTURE. | ||
| erō, I shall be, | erimus, we shall be, | |
| eris, thou wilt be, | eritis, you will be, | |
| erit, he will be; | erunt, they will be. | |
| PERFECT. | ||
| fuī, I have been, I was, | fuimus, we have been, we were, | |
| fuistī, thou hast been, thou wast, | fuistis, you have been, you were, | |
| fuit, he has been, he was; | fuērunt, fuēre, they have been, they were. | |
| PLUPERFECT. | ||
| fueram, I had been, | fuerāmus, we had been, | |
| fuerās, thou hadst been, | fuerātis, you had been, | |
| fuerat, he had been; | fuerant, they had been. | |
| FUTURE PERFECT. | ||
| fuerō, I shall have been, | fuerimus, we shall have been, | |
| fueris, thou wilt have been, | fueritis, you will have been, | |
| fuerit, he will have been; | fuerint, they will have been. | |
| SUBJUNCTIVE.[30] | ||
| PRESENT. | ||
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | |
| sim, may I be, | sīmus, let us be, | |
| sīs, mayst thou be, | sītis, be ye, may you be, | |
| sit, let him be, may he be; | sint, let them be. | |
| IMPERFECT. | ||
| essem,[31] I should be, | essēmus, we should be, | |
| essēs,[31] thou wouldst be, | essētis, you would be, | |
| esset,[31] he would be; | essent,[31] they would be. | |
| PERFECT. | ||
| fuerim, I may have been, | fuerīmus, we may have been, | |
| fuerīs, thou mayst have been, | fuerītis, you may have been, | |
| fuerit, he may have been; | fuerint, they may have been. | |
| PLUPERFECT. | ||
| fuissem, I should have been, | fuissēmus, we should have been. | |
| fuissēs, thou wouldst have been, | fuissētis, you would have been, | |
| fuisset, he would have been; | fuissent, they would have been. | |
| IMPERATIVE. | ||
| Pres. | es, be thou; | este, be ye, |
| Fut. | estō, thou shalt be, | estōte, ye shall be, |
| estō, he shall be; | suntō, they shall be. | |
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | |
| Pres. | esse, to be. | |
| Perf. | fuisse, to have been. | |
| Fut. | futūrus esse,[32] to be about to be. | Fut. futūrus,[33] about to be. |
FIRST (OR Ā-) CONJUGATION.
101. Active Voice.—Amō, I love.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| PRES. IND. | PRES. INF. | PERF. IND. | PERF. PASS. PARTIC. |
| amō | amāre | amāvī | amātus |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| PRESENT TENSE. | |||
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | ||
| amō, I love, | amāmus, we love, | ||
| amās, you love, | amātis, you love, | ||
| amat, he loves; | amant, they love. | ||
| IMPERFECT. | |||
| amābam, I was loving,[34] | amābāmus, we were loving, | ||
| amābās, you were loving, | amābātis, you were loving, | ||
| amābat, he was loving; | amābant, they were loving | ||
| FUTURE. | |||
| amābō, I shall love, | amābimus, we shall love, | ||
| amābis, you will love, | amābitis, you will love, | ||
| amābit, he will love; | amābunt, they will love. | ||
| PERFECT. | |||
| amāvī, I have loved, I loved, | amāvimus, we have loved, we loved, | ||
| amāvistī, you have loved, you loved | amāvistis, you have loved, you loved, | ||
| amāvit, he has loved, he loved; | amāvērunt, -ēre, they have loved, they loved. | ||
| PLUPERFECT. | |||
| amāveram, I had loved, | amāverāmus, we had loved, | ||
| amāverās, you had loved, | amāverātis, you had loved, | ||
| amāverat, he had loved; | amāverant, they had loved. | ||
| FUTURE PERFECT. | |||
| amāverō, I shall have loved, | amāverimus, we shall have loved, | ||
| amāveris, you will have loved, | amāveritis, you will have loved, | ||
| amāverit, he will have loved; | amāverint, they will have loved. | ||
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | |||
| PRESENT. | |||
| amem, may I love, | amēmus, let us love, | ||
| amēs, may you love, | amētis, may you love, | ||
| amet, let him love; | ament, let them love. | ||
| IMPERFECT. | |||
| amārem, I should love, | amārēmus, we should love, | ||
| amārēs, you would love, | amārētis, you would love, | ||
| amāret, he would love; | amārent, they would love. | ||
| PERFECT. | |||
| amāverim, I may have loved, | amāverīmus, we may have loved, | ||
| amāverīs, you may have loved, | amāverītis, you may have loved, | ||
| amāverit, he may have loved; | amāverint, they may have loved. | ||
| PLUPERFECT. | |||
| amāvissem, I should have loved, | amāvīssēmus, we should have loved, | ||
| amāvissēs, you would have loved, | amāvissētis, you would have loved, | ||
| amāvisset, he would have loved; | amāvissent, they would have loved. | ||
| IMPERATIVE. | |||
| Pres. | amā, love thou; | amāte, love ye. | |
| Fut. | amātō, thou shalt love, | amātōte, ye shall love, | |
| amātō, he shall love; | amantō, they shall love. | ||
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | ||
| Pres. | amāre, to love. | Pres. | amāns,[35] loving. |
| Perf. | amāvisse, to have loved. | (Gen. amantis.) | |
| Fut. | amātūrus esse, to be about to love | Fut. | amātūrus, about to love. |
| GERUND. | SUPINE. | ||
| Gen. | amandī, of loving, | ||
| Dat. | amandō, for loving, | ||
| Acc. | amandum, loving, | Acc. | amātum, to love, |
| Abl. | amandō, by loving. | Abl. | amātū, to love, be loved. |
102. Passive Voice.—Amor, I am loved.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | ||
|---|---|---|
| PRES. IND. | PRES. INF. | PERF. IND. |
| amōr | amārī | amātus sum |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PRESENT TENSE. I am loved. | ||||
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | |||
| amor | amāmur | |||
| amāris | amāminī | |||
| amātur | amantur | |||
| IMPERFECT I was loved. | ||||
| amābar | amābāmur | |||
| amābāris, or -re | amābāmini | |||
| amābātur | amābantur | |||
| FUTURE. I shall be loved. | ||||
| amābor | amābimur | |||
| amāberis, or -re | amābiminī | |||
| amābitur | amābuntur | |||
| PERFECT I have been loved, or I was loved. | ||||
| amātus (-a, -um) sum[36] | amātī (-ae, -a) sumus | |||
| amātus es | amātī estis | |||
| amātus est | amātī sunt | |||
| PLUPERFECT. I had been loved. | ||||
| amātus eram[36] | amātī erāmus | |||
| amātus erās | amātī erātis | |||
| amātus erat | amātī erant | |||
| FUTURE PERFECT. I shall have been loved. | ||||
| amātus erō[36] | amātī erimus | |||
| amātus eris | amātī eritis | |||
| amātus erit | amātī erunt | |||
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | ||||
| PRESENT. May I be loved, let him be loved. | ||||
| amer | amēmur | |||
| amēris, or -re | amēmini | |||
| amētur | amentur | |||
| IMPERFECT. I should be loved, he would be loved. | ||||
| amārer | amārēmur | |||
| amārēris, or -re | amārēminī | |||
| amārētur | amārentur | |||
| PERFECT. I may have been loved. | ||||
| amātus sim[37] | amātī sīmus | |||
| amātus sīs | amāti sītis | |||
| amātus sit | amāti sint | |||
| PLUPERFECT. I should have been loved, he would have been loved. | ||||
| amātus essem[37] | amātī essēmus | |||
| amātus essēs | amātī essētis | |||
| amātus esset | amāti essent | |||
| IMPERATIVE. | ||||
| Pres. | amāre,[38] be thou loved; | amāminī, be ye loved. | ||
| Fut. | amātor, thou shalt be loved, | |||
| amātor, he shall be loved; | amantor, they shall be loved. | |||
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | |||
| Pres. | amārī, to be loved. | |||
| Perf. | amātus esse, to have been loved. | Perfect. | amātus, loved, having been loved. | |
| Fut. | amātum īrī, to be about to be loved. | Gerundive. | amandus, to be loved, deserving to be loved. | |
SECOND (OR Ē-) CONJUGATION.
103. Active voice.—Moneō, I advise.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| PRES. IND. | PRES. INF. | PERF. IND. | PERF. PASS. PARTIC. |
| moneō | monēre | monuī | monitus |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| PRESENT TENSE. I advise. | |||
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | ||
| moneō | monēmus | ||
| monēs | monētis | ||
| monet | monent | ||
| IMPERFECT. I was advising, or I advised. | |||
| monēbam | monēbāmus | ||
| monēbās | monēbātis | ||
| monēbat | monēbant | ||
| FUTURE. I shall advise. | |||
| monēbō | monēbimus | ||
| monēbis | monēbitis | ||
| monēbit | monēbunt | ||
| PERFECT. I have advised, or I advised. | |||
| monuī | monuimus | ||
| monuistī | monuistis | ||
| monuit | monuērunt, or -ēre | ||
| PLUPERFECT. I had advised. | |||
| monueram | monuerāmus | ||
| monuerās | monuerātis | ||
| monuerat | monuerant | ||
| FUTURE PERFECT. I shall have advised. | |||
| monuerō | monuerimus | ||
| monueris | monueritis | ||
| monuerit | monuerint | ||
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | |||
| PRESENT. May I advise, let him advise. | |||
| moneam | moneāmus | ||
| moneās | moneātis | ||
| moneat | moneant | ||
| IMPERFECT. I should advise, he would advise. | |||
| monērem | monērēmus | ||
| monērēs | monērētis | ||
| monēret | monērent | ||
| PERFECT. I may have advised. | |||
| monuerim | monuerīmus | ||
| monuerīs | monuerītis | ||
| monuerit | monuerint | ||
| PLUPERFECT. I should have advised, he would have advised. | |||
| monuissem | monuissēmus | ||
| monuissēs | monuissētis | ||
| monuisset | monuissent | ||
| IMPERATIVE. | |||
| Pres. | monē, advise thou; | monēte, advise ye. | |
| Fut. | monētō, thou shall advise, | monētōte, ye shall advise, | |
| monētō, he shall advise; | monentō, they shall advise. | ||
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | ||
| Pres. | monēre, to advise. | Pres. | monēns, advising. |
| Perf. | monuisse, to have advised. | (Gen. monentis.) | |
| Fut. | monitūrus esse, to be about to advise. | Fut. | monitūrus, about to advise. |
| GERUND. | SUPINE. | ||
| Gen. | monendī, of advising, | ||
| Dat. | monendō, for advising, | ||
| Acc. | monendum, advising, | Acc. | monitum, to advise, |
| Abl. | monendō, by advising. | Abl. | monitū, to advise, be advised. |
104. Passive voice.—Moneor, I am advised.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | ||
|---|---|---|
| PRES. IND. | PRES. INF. | PERF. IND. |
| moneor | monērī | monitus sum |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| PRESENT TENSE. I am advised. | |||
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | ||
| moneor | monēmur | ||
| monēris | monēminī | ||
| monētur | monentur | ||
| IMPERFECT. I was advised. | |||
| monēbar | monēbāmur | ||
| monēbāris, or -re | monēbāminī | ||
| monēbātur | monēbantur | ||
| FUTURE. I shall be advised. | |||
| monēbor | monēbimur | ||
| monēberis, or -re | monēbiminī | ||
| monēbitur | monēbuntur | ||
| PERFECT. I have been advised, I was advised. | |||
| monitus sum | monitī sumus | ||
| monitus es | monitī estis | ||
| monitus est | monitī sunt | ||
| PLUPERFECT. I had been advised. | |||
| monitus eram | monitī erāmus | ||
| monitus erās | monitī erātis | ||
| monitus erat | monitī erant | ||
| FUTURE PERFECT. I shall have been advised. | |||
| monitus erō | monitī erimus | ||
| monitus eris | monitī eritis | ||
| monitus erit | monitī erunt | ||
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | |||
| PRESENT. May I be advised, let him be advised. | |||
| monear | moneāmur | ||
| moneāris, or -re | moneāminī | ||
| moneātur | moneantur | ||
| IMPERFECT. I should be advised, he would be advised. | |||
| monērer | monērēmur | ||
| monērēris, or -re | monērēminī | ||
| monērētur | monērentur | ||
| PERFECT. I may have been advised. | |||
| monitus sim | monitī sīmus | ||
| monitus sīs | monitī sītis | ||
| monitus sit | monitī sint | ||
| PLUPERFECT. I should have been advised, he would have been advised. | |||
| monitus essem | monitī essēmus | ||
| monitus essēs | monitī essētis | ||
| monitus esset | monitī essent | ||
| IMPERATIVE. | |||
| Pres. | monēre, be thou advised; | monēminī, be ye advised. | |
| Fut. | monētor, thou shalt be advised, | ||
| monētor, he shall be advised. | monentor, they shall be advised. | ||
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | ||
| Pres. | monērī, to be advised. | Perfect. | monitus, advised, having been advised. |
| Perf. | monitus esse, to have been advised | ||
| Fut. | monitum īrī, to be about to be advised. | Gerundive. | monendus, to be advised, deserving to be advised. |
THIRD (OR CONSONANT-) CONJUGATION.
105. Active Voice.—Regō, I rule.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| PRES. IND. | PRES. INF. | PERF. IND. | PERF. PASS. PARTIC. |
| regō | regere | rēxī | rēctus |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| PRESENT TENSE. I rule | |||
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | ||
| regō | regimus | ||
| regis | regitis | ||
| regit | regunt | ||
| IMPERFECT. I was ruling, or I ruled. | |||
| regēbam | regēbāmus | ||
| regēbās | regēbātis | ||
| regēbat | regēbant | ||
| FUTURE. I shall rule. | |||
| regam | regēmus | ||
| regēs | regētis | ||
| reget | regent | ||
| PERFECT. I have ruled, or I ruled | |||
| rēxī | rēximus | ||
| rēxistī | rēxistis | ||
| rēxit | rēxērunt, or -ēre | ||
| PLUPERFECT. I had ruled. | |||
| rēxeram | rēxerāmus | ||
| rēxerās | rēxerātis | ||
| rēxerat | rēxerant | ||
| FUTURE PERFECT. I shall have ruled. | |||
| rēxerō | rēxerimus | ||
| rēxeris | rēxeritis | ||
| rēxerit | rēxerint | ||
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | |||
| PRESENT. May I rule, let him rule. | |||
| regam | regāmus | ||
| regās | regātis | ||
| regat | regant | ||
| IMPERFECT. I should rule, he would rule. | |||
| regerem | regerēmus | ||
| regerēs | regerētis | ||
| regeret | regerent | ||
| PERFECT. I may have ruled. | |||
| rēxerim | rēxerīmus | ||
| rēxerīs | rēxerītis | ||
| rēxerit | rēxerint | ||
| PLUPERFECT. I should have ruled, he would have ruled. | |||
| rēxissem | rēxissēmus | ||
| rēxissēs | rēxissētis | ||
| rēxisset | rēxissent | ||
| IMPERATIVE. | |||
| rege, rule thou; | regite, rule ye. | ||
| regitō, thou shall rule, | regitōte, ye shall rule, | ||
| regitō, he shall rule; | reguntō, they shall rule. | ||
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | ||
| regere, to rule. | Pres. | regēns, ruling. | |
| rēxisse, to have ruled. | (Gen. regentis.) | ||
| rēctūrus esse, to be about to rule | Fut. | rēctūrus, about to rule. | |
| GERUND. | SUPINE. | ||
| regendī, of ruling, | |||
| regendō, for ruling, | |||
| regendum, ruling, | Acc. | rēctum, to rule, | |
| regendō, by ruling. | Abl. | rēctū, to rule, be ruled. | |
106. Passive Voice.—Regor, I am ruled.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | ||
|---|---|---|
| PRES. IND. | PRES. INF. | PERF. IND. |
| regor | regī | rēctus sum |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| PRESENT TENSE. I am ruled. | |||
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | ||
| regor | regimur | ||
| regeris | regiminī | ||
| regitur | reguntur | ||
| IMPERFECT. I was ruled. | |||
| regēbar | regēbāmur | ||
| regēbāris, or -re | regēbāminī | ||
| regēbātur | regēbantur | ||
| FUTURE. I shall be ruled. | |||
| regar | regēmur | ||
| regēris, or -re | regēminī | ||
| regētur | regentur | ||
| PERFECT. I have been ruled, or I was ruled. | |||
| rēctus sum | rēctī sumus | ||
| rēctus es | rēctī estis | ||
| rēctus est | rēctī sunt | ||
| PLUPERFECT. I had been ruled. | |||
| rēctus eram | rēctī erāmus | ||
| rēctus erās | rēctī erātis | ||
| rēctus erat | rēctī erant | ||
| FUTURE PERFECT. I shall have been ruled | |||
| rēctus erō | rēctī erimus | ||
| rēctus eris | rēctī eritis | ||
| rēctus erit | rēctī erunt | ||
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | |||
| PRESENT. May I be ruled, let him be ruled. | |||
| regar | regāmur | ||
| regāris, or -re | regāminī | ||
| regātur | regantur | ||
| IMPERFECT. I should be ruled, he would be ruled. | |||
| regerer | regerēmur | ||
| regerēris, or -re | regerēminī | ||
| regerētur | regerentur | ||
| PERFECT. I may have been ruled. | |||
| rēctus sim | rēctī sīmus | ||
| rēctus sīs | rēctī sītis | ||
| rēctus sit | rēctī sint | ||
| PLUPERFECT. I should have been ruled, he would have been ruled. | |||
| rēctus essem | rēctī essēmus | ||
| rēctus essēs | rectī essētis | ||
| rēctus esset | rectī essent | ||
| IMPERATIVE. | |||
| Pres. | regere, be thou ruled; | regiminī, be ye ruled. | |
| Fut. | regitor, thou shalt be ruled, | ||
| regitor, he shall be ruled; | reguntor, they shall be ruled. | ||
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | ||
| Pres. | regī, to be ruled. | Perfect. | rēctus, ruled, having been ruled. |
| Perf. | rēctus esse, to have been ruled. | Gerundive. | regendus, to be ruled, deserving to be ruled. |
| Fut. | rēctum īrī, to be about to be ruled. | ||
FOURTH (OR Ī-) CONJUGATION.
107. Active voice.—Audiō, I hear.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| PRES. IND. | PRES. INF. | PERF. IND. | PERF. PASS. PARTIC. |
| audiō | audīre | audīvī | audītus |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| PRESENT TENSE. I hear. | |||
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | ||
| audiō | audīmus | ||
| audīs | audītis | ||
| audit | audiunt | ||
| IMPERFECT. I was hearing, or I heard. | |||
| audiēbam | audiēbāmus | ||
| audiēbās | audiēbātis | ||
| audiēbat | audiēbant | ||
| FUTURE. I shall hear. | |||
| audiam | audiēmus | ||
| audiēs | audiētis | ||
| audiet | audient | ||
| PERFECT. I have heard, or I heard. | |||
| audīvī | audīvimus | ||
| audīvistī | audīvistis | ||
| audīvit | audīvērunt, or -ēre | ||
| PLUPERFECT. I had heard. | |||
| audīveram | audīverāmus | ||
| audīverās | audīverātis | ||
| audīverat | audīverant | ||
| FUTURE PERFECT. I shall have heard. | |||
| audīverō | audīverimus | ||
| audīveris | audīveritis | ||
| audīverit | audīverint | ||
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | |||
| PRESENT. May I hear, let him hear. | |||
| audiam | audiāmus | ||
| audiās | audiātis | ||
| audiat | audiant | ||
| IMPERFECT. I should hear, he would hear. | |||
| audīrem | audīrēmus | ||
| audīrēs | audīrētis | ||
| audīret | audīrent | ||
| PERFECT. I may have heard. | |||
| audīverim | audīverīmus | ||
| audīverīs | audīverītis | ||
| audīverit | audīverint | ||
| PLUPERFECT. I should have heard, he would have heard. | |||
| audīvissem | audīvissēmus | ||
| audīvissēs | audīvissētis | ||
| audīvisset | audīvissent | ||
| IMPERATIVE. | |||
| Pres. | audī, hear thou; | audīte, hear ye. | |
| Fut. | audītō, thou shalt hear, | audītōte, ye shall hear, | |
| audītō, he shall hear; | audiuntō, they shall hear. | ||
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | ||
| Pres. | audīre, to hear. | Pres. | audiēns, hearing. |
| Perf. | audīvisse, to have heard. | (Gen. audientis.) | |
| Fut. | audītūrus esse, to be about to hear. | Fut. | audītūrus, about to hear. |
| GERUND. | SUPINE | ||
| Gen. | audiendī, of hearing, | ||
| Dat. | audiendō, for hearing, | ||
| Acc. | audiendum, hearing, | Acc. | audītum, to hear, |
| Abl. | audiendō, by hearing. | Abl. | audītū, to hear, be heard. |
108. Passive Voice.—Audior, I am heard.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | ||
|---|---|---|
| PRES. IND. | PRES. INF. | PERF. IND. |
| audior | audīrī | audītus sum |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| PRESENT TENSE. I am heard. | |||
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | ||
| audior | audīmur | ||
| audīris | audīminī | ||
| audītur | audiuntur | ||
| IMPERFECT. I was heard. | |||
| audiēbar | audiēbāmur | ||
| audiēbāris, or -re | audiēbāminī | ||
| audiēbātur | audiēbantur | ||
| FUTURE. I shall be heard. | |||
| audiar | audiēmur | ||
| audiēris, or -re | audiēminī | ||
| audiētur | audientur | ||
| PERFECT. I have been heard, or I was heard. | |||
| audītus sum | audītī sumus | ||
| audītus es | audītī estis | ||
| audītus est | audītī sunt | ||
| PLUPERFECT. I had been heard. | |||
| audītus eram | audītī erāmus | ||
| audītus erās | audītī erātis | ||
| audītus erat | audītī erant | ||
| FUTURE PERFECT. I shall have been heard. | |||
| audītus erō | audītī erimus | ||
| audītus eris | audītī eritis | ||
| audītus erit | audītī erunt | ||
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | |||
| PRESENT. May I be heard, let him be heard. | |||
| audiar | audiāmur | ||
| audiāris, or -re | audiāminī | ||
| audiātur | audiantur | ||
| IMPERFECT. I should be heard, he would be heard. | |||
| audīrer | audīrēmur | ||
| audīrēris, or -re | audirēminī | ||
| audīrētur | audīrentur | ||
| PERFECT. I may have been heard. | |||
| audītus sim | audītī sīmus | ||
| audītus sīs | audītī sītis | ||
| audītus sit | audītī sint | ||
| PLUPERFECT. I should have been heard, he would have been heard. | |||
| audītus essem | audītī essēmus | ||
| audītus essēs | audītī essētis | ||
| audītus esset | audītī essent | ||
| IMPERATIVE. | |||
| Pres. | audīre, be thou heard; | audīminī, be ye heard. | |
| Fut. | audītor, thou shalt be heard, | ||
| audītor, he shall be heard; | audiuntor, they shall be heard. | ||
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | ||
| Pres. | audīrī, to be heard. | Perfect. | audītus, heard, having been heard |
| Perf. | audītus esse, to have been heard. | Gerundive. | audiendus, to be heard, deserving to be heard |
| Fut. | audītum īrī, to be about to be heard. | ||
VERBS IN -IŌ OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION.
109. 1. Verbs in -iō of the Third Conjugation take the endings of the Fourth Conjugation wherever the latter endings have two successive vowels. This occurs only in the Present System.
2. Here belong—
a) capiō, to take; cupiō, to desire; faciō, to make; fodiō, to dig; fugiō, to flee; jaciō, to throw; pariō, to bear; quatiō, to shake; rapiō, to seize; sapiō, to taste.
b) Compounds of laciō and speciō (both ante-classical); as, alliciō, entice; cōnspiciō, behold.
c) The deponents gradior, to go; morior, to die, patior, to suffer.
110. Active voice.—Capiō, I take.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| PRES. IND. | PRES. INF. | PERF. IND. | PERF. PASS. PARTIC. |
| capiō, | capere, | cēpī, | captus. |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| PRESENT TENSE. | |||
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | ||
| capiō, capis, capit; | capimus, capitis, capiunt. | ||
| IMPERFECT. | |||
| capiēbam, -iēbās, -iēbat; | capiēbāmus, -iēbātis, -iēbant. | ||
| FUTURE. | |||
| capiam, -iēs, -iet; | capiēmus, -iētis, -ient. | ||
| PERFECT. | |||
| cēpī, -istī, -it; | cēpimus, -istis, -ērunt or -ēre. | ||
| PLUPERFECT. | |||
| cēperam, -erās, -erat; | cēperāmus, -erātis, -erant. | ||
| FUTURE PERFECT. | |||
| cēperō, -eris, -erit; | cēperimus, -eritis, -erint. | ||
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | |||
| PRESENT. | |||
| capiam, -iās, -iat; | capiāmus, -iātis, -iant. | ||
| IMPERFECT. | |||
| caperem, -erēs, -eret; | caperēmus, -erētis, -erent. | ||
| PERFECT. | |||
| cēperim, -eris, -erit; | cēperīmus, -erītis, -erint. | ||
| PLUPERFECT. | |||
| cēpissem, -issēs, -isset; | cēpissēmus, -issētis, -issent. | ||
| IMPERATIVE. | |||
| Pres. | cape; | capite. | |
| Fut. | capitō, | capitōte, | |
| capitō; | capiuntō. | ||
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | ||
| Pres. | capere | Pres. | capiēns. |
| Perf. | cēpisse. | ||
| Fut. | captūrus esse. | Fut. | captūrus. |
| GERUND. | SUPINE. | ||
| Gen. | capiendī, | ||
| Dat. | capiendō, | ||
| Acc. | capiendum, | Acc. | captum, |
| Abl. | capiendō. | Abl. | captū. |
111. Passive Voice.—Capior, I am taken.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | ||
|---|---|---|
| PRES. IND. | PRES. INF. | PERF. IND. |
| capior, | capī, | captus sum. |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| PRESENT TENSE. | |||
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | ||
| capior, caperis, capitur; | capimur, capiminī, capiuntur. | ||
| IMPERFECT. | |||
| capiēbar, -iēbāris, -iēbātur; | capiēbāmur, -iēbāminī, -iēbantur. | ||
| FUTURE. | |||
| capiar, -iēris, -iētur; | capiēmur, -iēminī, -ientur. | ||
| PERFECT. | |||
| captus sum, es, est; | captī sumus, estis, sunt. | ||
| PLUPERFECT. | |||
| captus eram, erās, erat; | captī erāmus, erātis, erant. | ||
| FUTURE PERFECT. | |||
| captus erō, eris, erit; | captī erimus, eritis, erunt. | ||
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | |||
| PRESENT. | |||
| capiar, -iāris, -iātur; | capiāmur, -iāminī, -iantur. | ||
| IMPERFECT. | |||
| caperer, -erēris, -erētur; | caperēmur, -erēminī, -erentur. | ||
| PERFECT. | |||
| captus sim, sīs, sit; | captī sīmus, sītis, sint. | ||
| PLUPERFECT. | |||
| captus essem, essēs, esset; | captī essēmus, essētis, essent. | ||
| IMPERATIVE. | |||
| Pres. | capere; | capiminī. | |
| Fut. | capitor, | ||
| capitor; | capiuntor. | ||
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | ||
| Pres. | capī. | ||
| Perf. | captus esse. | Perfect. | captus. |
| Fut. | captum īrī. | Gerundive. | capiendus. |
DEPONENT VERBS.
112. Deponent Verbs have in the main Passive forms with Active or Neuter meaning. But—
a. They have the following Active forms: Future Infinitive, Present and Future Participles, Gerund, and Supine.
b. They have the following Passive meanings: always in the Gerundive, and sometimes in the Perfect Passive Participle; as—
sequendus, to be followed; adeptus, attained.
113. Paradigms of Deponent Verbs are—
| I. Conj. | mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum, admire. |
|---|---|
| II. Conj. | vereor, vererī, veritus sum, fear. |
| III. Conj. | sequor, sequī, secūtus sum, follow. |
| IV. Conj. | largior, largīrī, largītus sum, give. |
| III. (in -ior) | patior, patī, passus sum, suffer. |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I. | II. | III. | IV. | III (in -ior) | |
| Pres. | mīror | vereor | sequor | largior | patior |
| mīrāris | verēris | sequeris | largiris | pateris | |
| mīrātur | verētur | sequitur | largītur | patitur | |
| mīramur | verēmur | sequimur | largīmur | patimur | |
| mīrāminī | verēminī | sequiminī | largīminī | patiminī | |
| mīrantur | verentur | sequuntur | largiuntur | patiuntur | |
| Impf. | mīrābar | verēbar | sequēbar | largiēbar | patiēbar |
| Fut. | mīrābor | verēbor | sequar | largiar | patiar |
| Perf. | mirātus sum | veritus sum | secūtus sum | largītus sum | passus sum |
| Plup. | mīrātus eram | veritus eram | secūtus eram | largītus eram | passus eram |
| F.P. | mīrātus erō | veritus erō | secūtus erō | largītus erō | passus erō |
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | |||||
| Pres. | mīrer | verear | sequar | largiar | patiar |
| Impf. | mīrārer | verērer | sequerer | largīrer | paterer |
| Perf. | mīrātus sim | veritus sim | secūtus sim | largītus sim | passus sim |
| Plup. | mīrātus essem | veritus essem | sectūtus essem | largītus essem | passus essem |
| IMPERATIVE. | |||||
| Pres. | mīrāre, etc. | verēre, etc. | sequere, etc. | largīre, etc. | patere, etc. |
| Fut. | mīrātor, etc. | verētor, etc. | sequitor, etc. | largītor, etc. | patitor, etc. |
| INFINITIVE. | |||||
| Pres. | mīrāri | verērī | sequī | largīrī | patī |
| Perf. | mīrātus esse | veritus esse | secūtus esse | largītus esse | passus esse |
| Fut. | mīrātūrus esse | veritūrus esse | secūtūrus esse | largītūrus esse | passūrus esse |
| PARTICIPLES. | |||||
| Pres. | mīrāns | verēns | sequēns | largiēns | patiēns |
| Fut. | mīrātūrus | veritūrus | secūtūrus | largitūrus | passūrus |
| Perf. | mīrātus | veritus | secūtus | largitus | passus |
| Ger. | mīrandus | verendus | sequendus | largiendus | patiendus |
| GERUND. | |||||
| mīrandī | verendī | sequendī | largiendī | patiendī | |
| mirandō, etc. | verendō, etc. | sequendō, etc. | largiendō, etc. | patiendō, etc. | |
| SUPINE. | |||||
| mīrātum, -tū | veritum, -tū | secūtum, -tū | largītum, -tū | passum, -sū | |
SEMI-DEPONENTS.
114. 1. Semi-Deponents are verbs which have the Present System in the Active Voice, but the Perfect System in the Passive without change of meaning. Here belong—
| audeō, | audēre, | ausus sum, to dare. |
|---|---|---|
| gaudeō, | gaudēre, | gāvīsus sum, to rejoice. |
| soleō, | solēre, | solitus sum, to be wont. |
| fīdō, | fīdere, | fīsus sum, to trust. |
2. The following verbs have a Perfect Passive Participle with Active meaning:—
| adolēscō, grow up; | adultus, having grown up, |
|---|---|
| cēnāre, dine; | cēnātus, having dined. |
| placēre, please; | placitus, having pleased, agreeable. |
| prandēre, lunch; | prānsus, having lunched. |
| pōtāre, drink; | pōtus, having drunk. |
| jūrāre, swear; | jūrātus, having sworn. |
a. Jūrātus is used in a passive sense also.
3. Revertor and dēvertor both regularly form their Perfect in the Active Voice; viz.—
| revertor, | revertī (Inf.), | revertī (Perf.), to return. |
|---|---|---|
| dēvertor, | dēvertī (Inf.), | dēvertī (Perf.), to turn aside. |
PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION.
115. There are two Periphrastic Conjugations,—the Active and the Passive. The Active is formed by combining the Future Active Participle with the auxiliary sum, the Passive by combining the Gerundive with the same auxiliary.
| Active Periphrastic Conjugation. INDICATIVE MOOD. | |
|---|---|
| Pres. | amātūrus (-a, -um) sum, I am about to love. |
| Inf. | amātūrus eram, I was about to love. |
| Fut. | amātūrus erō, I shall be about to love. |
| Perf. | amātūrus fuī, I have been (was) about to love. |
| Plup. | amātūrus fueram, I had been about to love. |
| Fut. P. | amātūrus fuerō, I shall have been about to love. |
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | |
| Pres. | amātūrus sim, may I be about to love. |
| Imp. | amātūrus essem, I should be about to love. |
| Perf. | amātūrus fuerim, I may have been about to love. |
| Plup. | amātūrus fuissem, I should have been about to love. |
| INFINITIVE. | |
| Pres. | amātūrus esse, to be about to love. |
| Perf. | amātūrus fuisse, to have been about to love. |
| Passive Periphrastic Conjugation. INDICATIVE. | |
| Pres. | amandus (-a, -um) sum, I am to be loved, must be loved. |
| Imp. | amandus eram, I was to be loved. |
| Fut. | amandus erō, I shall deserve to be loved. |
| Perf. | amandus fuī, I was to be loved. |
| Plup. | amandus fueram, I had deserved to be loved. |
| Fut. P. | amandus fuerō, I shall have deserved to be loved. |
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | |
| Pres. | amandus sim, may I deserve to be loved. |
| Imp. | amandus essem, I should deserve to be loved. |
| Perf. | amandus fuerim, I may have deserved to be loved. |
| Plup. | amendus fuissem, I should have deserved to be loved. |
| INFINITIVE. | |
| Pres. | amandus esse, to deserve to be loved. |
| Perf. | amantus fuisse, to have deserved to be loved. |
PECULIARITIES OF CONJUGATION.
116. 1. Perfects in -āvī, -ēvī, and -īvī, with the forms derived from them, often drop the ve or vi before endings beginning with r or s. So also nōvī (from nōscō) and the compounds of mōvī (from moveō). Thus:—
| amāvistī | amāstī | dēlēvistī | dēlēstī |
|---|---|---|---|
| amāvisse | amāsse | dēlēvisse | dēlēsse |
| amāvērunt | amārunt | dēlēvērunt | dēlērunt |
| amāverim | amārim | dēlēverim | dēlērim |
| amāveram | amāram | dēlēveram | dēlēram |
| amāverō | amārō | dēlēverō | dēlērō |
| nōvistī | nōstī | nōverim | nōrim |
| nōvisse | nōsse | nōveram | nōram |
| audīvistī | audīstī | audīvisse | audīsse |
2. In the Gerund and Gerundive of the Third and Fourth Conjugations, the endings -undus, -undī, often occur instead of -endus and -endī, as faciundus, faciundī.
3. Dīcō, dūcō, faciō, form the Imperatives, dīc, dūc, fac. But compounds of faciō form the Imperative in -fice, as cōnfice. Compounds of dīcō, dūcō, accent the ultima; as, ēdū´c, ēdī´c.
4. Archaic and Poetic forms:—
a. The ending -ier in the Present Infinitive Passive; as, amārier, monērier, dīcier, for amārī, monērī, dīcī.
b. The ending -ībam for -iēbam in Imperfects of the Fourth Conjugation, and -ībō for -iam in Futures; as, scībam, scībō, for sciēbam, sciam.
c. Instead of the fuller forms, in such words as dīxistī, scrīpsistis, surrēxisse, we sometimes find dīxtī, scrīpstis, surrēxe, etc.
d. The endings -im, -īs, etc. (for -am, -ās, etc.) occur in a few Subjunctive forms; as, edim (eat), duint, perduint.
5. In the Future Active and Perfect Passive Infinitive, the auxiliary esse is often omitted; as, āctūrum for ācturum esse; ējectus for ējectus esse.
FORMATION OF THE VERB STEMS.
Formation of the Present Stem.
Formation of the Present Stem.
117. Many verbs employ the simple Verb Stem for the Present Stem;[39] as, dīcere, amāre, monēre, audīre. Others modify the Verb Stem to form the Present, as follows:—
1. By appending the vowels, ā, ē, ī; as,—
| Present Stem | Verb Stem | |
|---|---|---|
| juvāre, | juvā- | juv-. |
| augēre, | augē- | aug-. |
| vincīre, | vincī- | vinc-. |
2. By adding i, as capiō, Present Stem capi- (Verb Stem cap-).
3. By the insertion of n (m before labial-mutes) before the final consonant of the Verb Stem; as, fundō (Stem fud-), rumpō (Stem rup-).
4. By appending -n to the Verb Stem; as,—
| cern-ō | pell-ō (for pel-nō). |
|---|
5. By appending t to the Verb Stem; as,—
| flect-ō. |
|---|
6. By appending sc to the Verb Stem; as,—
| crēsc-ō. | scīsc-ō. |
|---|
7. By Reduplication, that is, by prefixing the initial consonant of the Verb Stem with i; as,—
| gi-gn-ō (root gen-), | si-st-ō (root sta-). |
|---|
Formation of the Perfect Stem.
Formation of the Perfect Stem.
118. The Perfect Stem is formed from the Verb Stem—
1. By adding v (in case of Vowel Stems); as,—
| amāv-ī, | dēlēv-ī, | audīv-ī. |
|---|
2. By adding u (in case of some Consonant Stems); as,—
| strepu-ī, | genu-ī, | alu-ī. |
|---|
3. By adding s (in case of most Consonant Stems); as,—
| carp-ō, | Perfect | carps-ī. |
|---|---|---|
| scrīb-ō, | " | scrīps-ī (for scrīb-sī). |
| rīd-eō, | " | rīs-ī (for rīd-sī). |
| sent-iō, | " | sēns-ī (for sent-sī). |
| dīc-ō, | " | dīx-ī (i.e. dīc-sī). |
a. Note that before the ending -sī a Dental Mute (t, d) is lost; a Guttural Mute (c, g) unites with s to form x; while the Labial b is changed to p.
4. Without addition. Of this formation there are three types:—
a) The Verb Stem is reduplicated by prefixing the initial consonant with the following vowel or e; as,—
| currō, | Perfect | cu-currī. |
|---|---|---|
| poscō, | " | po-poscī. |
| pellō, | " | pe-pulī. |
NOTE 1.—Compounds, with the exception of dō, stō, sistō, discō, poscō, omit the reduplication. Thus: com-pulī, but re-poposcī.
NOTE 2.—Verbs beginning with sp or st retain both consonants in the reduplication, but drop s from the stem; as, spondeō, spo-pondī; stō, stetī.
b) The short vowel of the Verb Stem is lengthened; as, legō, lēgī; agō, ēgī. Note that ă by this process becomes ē.
c) The vowel of the Verb Stem is unchanged; as, vertō, vertī; minuō, minuī.
Formation of the Participial Stem.
Formation of the Participial Stem.
119. The Perfect Passive Participle, from which the Participial Stem is derived by dropping -us, is formed:—
1. By adding -tus (sometimes to the Present Stem, sometimes to the Verb Stem); as,—
| amā-re, | Participle | amā-tus. |
|---|---|---|
| dēlē-re, | " | dēlē-tus, |
| audī-re, | " | audī-tus, |
| leg-ere, | " | lēc-tus, |
| scrīb-ere, | " | scrīp-tus, |
| sentī-re, | " | sēn-sus (for sent-tus). |
| caed-ere, | " | cae-sus (for caed-tus). |
a. Note that g, before t, becomes c (see § 8, 5); b becomes p; while dt or tt becomes ss, which is then often simplified to s (§ 8, 2).
2. After the analogy of Participles like sēnsus and caesus, where -sus arises by phonetic change, -sus for -tus is added to other Verb Stems; as,—
| lāb-ī, | Participle | lāp-sus. |
|---|---|---|
| fīg-ere, | " | fī-xus. |
a. The same consonant changes occur in appending this ending -sus to the stem as in the case of the Perfect ending -si (see § 118, 3, a).
3. A few Verbs form the Participle in -ĭtus; as,—
| domā-re, | dom-ĭtus. |
|---|---|
| monē-re, | mon-ĭtus. |
4. The Future Active Participle is usually identical in its stem with the Perfect Passive Participle; as, amā-tus, amātūrus; moni-tus, monitūrus. But—
| juvā-re, | Perf. Partic. | jūtus, | has Fut. Act. Partic. | juvātūrus.[40] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| lavā-re, | " | lautus, | " | lavātūrus. |
| par-ere, | " | partus, | " | paritūrus. |
| ru-ere, | " | rutus, | " | ruitūrus. |
| secă-re, | " | sectus, | " | secātūrus. |
| fru-ĭ, | " | frūctus, | " | fruitūrus. |
| mor-ī, | " | mortuus, | " | moritūrus. |
| orī-rī, | " | ortus, | " | oritūrus. |
LIST OF THE MOST IMPORTANT VERBS, WITH PRINCIPAL PARTS.
First (Ā-) Conjugation.
First (Ā-) Conjugation.
120. I. PERFECT IN -VĪ.
| amō | amāre | amāvī | amātus | love |
|---|
All regular verbs of the First Conjugation follow this model.
| pōtō | pōtāre | pōtāvī | pōtus (§ 114, 2) | drink |
|---|
II. PERFECT IN -UĪ.
| crepō | crepāre | crepuī | crepitūrus | rattle |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| cubō | cubāre | cubuī | cubitūrus | lie down |
| domō | domāre | domuī | domitus | tame |
| fricō | fricāre | fricuī | frictus and fricātus | rub |
| micō | micāre | micuī | —— | glitter |
| dīmicō | dīmicāre | dīmicāvī | dīmicātum (est)[41] | fight |
| ex-plicō | explicāre | explicāvī (-uī) | explicātus (-itus) | unfold |
| im-plicō | implicāre | implicāvī (-uī) | implicātus (-itus) | entwine |
| secō | secāre | secuī | sectus | cut |
| sonō | sonāre | sonuī | sonātūrus | sound |
| tonō | tonāre | tonuī | —— | thunder |
| vetō | vetāre | vetuī | vetitus | forbid |
III. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH LENGTHENING OF THE STEM VOWEL.
| juvō | juvāre | jūvī | jūtus | help |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| lavō | lavāre | lāvī | lautus | wash |
IV. PERFECT REDUPLICATED.
| stō | stāre | stetī | stātūrus |
|---|
V. DEPONENTS.
These are all regular, and follow mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum.
Second (Ē-) Conjugation.
Second (Ē-) Conjugation.
121. I. PERFECT IN -VĪ.
| dēleō | dēlēre | dēlēvī | dēlētus | destroy |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| fleō | flēre | flēvī | flētus | weep, lament |
| com-pleō[42] | complēre | complēvī | complētus | fill up |
| aboleō | abolēre | abolēvī | abolitus | destroy |
| cieō[43] | ciēre | cīvī | citus | set in motion |
II. PERFECT IN -UĪ.
a. Type -eō, -ēre, -uī, -itus.
| arceō | arcēre | arcuī | keep off | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| coerceō | coercēre | coercuī | coercitus | hold in check |
| exerceō | exercēre | exercuī | exercitus | practise |
| caleō | calēre | caluī | calitūrus | be warm |
| careō | carēre | caruī | caritūrus | be without |
| doleō | dolēre | doluī | dolitūrus | grieve |
| habeō | habēre | habuī | habitus | have |
| dēbeō | dēbēre | dēbuī | dēbitus | owe |
| praebeō | praebēre | praebuī | praebitus | offer |
| jaceō | jacēre | jacuī | jacitūrus | lie |
| mereō | merēre | meruī | meritus | earn, deserve |
| moneō | monēre | monuī | monitus | advise |
| noceō | nocēre | nocuī | nocitum (est) | injure |
| pāreō | pārēre | pāruī | pāritūrus | obey |
| placeō | placēre | placuī | placitūrus | please |
| taceō | tacēre | tacuī | tacitūrus | be silent |
| terreō | terrēre | terruī | territus | frighten |
| valeō | valēre | valuī | valitūrus | be strong |
| NOTE 1.—The following lack the Participial Stem:— | ||||
| egeō | egēre | eguī | —— | want |
| ēmineō | ēminēre | ēminuī | —— | stand forth |
| flōreō | flōrēre | flōruī | —— | bloom |
| horreō | horrēre | horruī | —— | bristle |
| lateō | latēre | latuī | —— | lurk |
| niteō | nitēre | nituī | —— | gleam |
| oleō | olēre | oluī | —— | smell |
| palleō | pallēre | palluī | —— | be pale |
| pateō | patēre | patuī | —— | lie open |
| rubeō | rubēre | rubuī | —— | be red |
| sileō | silēre | siluī | —— | be silent |
| splendeō | splendēre | splenduī | —— | gleam |
| studeō | studēre | studuī | —— | study |
| stupeō | stupēre | stupuī | —— | be amazed |
| timeō | timēre | timuī | —— | fear |
| torpeō | torpēre | torpuī | —— | be dull |
| vigeō | vigēre | viguī | —— | flourish |
| vireō | virēre | viruī | —— | be green |
| and others. | ||||
| NOTE 2.—The following are used only in the Present System:— | ||||
| aveō | avēre | —— | —— | wish |
| frīgeō | frīgēre | —— | —— | be cold |
| immineō | imminēre | —— | —— | overhang |
| maereō | maerēre | —— | —— | mourn |
| polleō | pollēre | —— | —— | be strong |
| and others. | ||||
b. Type -eō, -ēre, -uī, -tus (-sus).
| cēnseō | cēnsēre | cēnsuī | cēnsus | estimate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| doceō | docēre | docuī | doctus | teach |
| misceō | miscēre | miscuī | mixtus | mix |
| teneō | tenēre | tenuī | —— | hold |
| So contineō and sustineō; but— | ||||
| retineō | retinēre | retinuī | retentus | retain |
| obtineō | obtinēre | obtinuī | obtentus | maintain |
| torreō | torrēre | torruī | tostus | bake |
III. PERFECT IN -SĪ.
| augeō | augēre | auxī | auctus | increase |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| torqueō | torquēre | torsī | tortus | twist |
| indulgeō | indulgēre | indulsī | —— | indulge |
| lūceō | lūcēre | lūxī | —— | be light |
| lūgeō | lūgēre | lūxī | —— | mourn |
| jubeō | jubēre | jussī | jussus | order |
| per-mulceō | permulcēre | permulsī | permulsus | soothe |
| rīdeō | rīdēre | rīsī | rīsum (est) | laugh |
| suādeō | suādēre | suāsī | suāsum (est) | advise |
| abs-tergeō | abstergēre | abstersī | abstersus | wipe off |
| ārdeō | ārdēre | ārsī | ārsūrus | burn |
| haereō | haerēre | haesī | haesūrus | stick |
| maneō | manēre | mānsī | mānsūrus | stay |
| algeō | algēre | alsī | —— | be cold |
| fulgeō | fulgēre | fulsī | —— | gleam |
| urgeō | urgēre | ursī | —— | press |
IV. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH REDUPLICATION.
| mordeō | mordēre | momordī | morsus | bite |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| spondeō | spondēre | spopondī | spōnsus | promise |
| tondeō | tondēre | totondī | tōnsus | shear |
| pendeō | pendēre | pependī | —— | hang |
V. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH LENGTHENING OF STEM VOWEL.
| caveō | cavēre | cāvī | cautūrus | take care |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| faveō | favēre | fāvī | fautūrus | favor |
| foveō | fovēre | fōvī | fōtus | cherish |
| moveō | movēre | mōvī | mōtus | move |
| paveō | pavēre | pāvī | —— | fear |
| sedeō | sedēre | sēdī | sessūrus | sit |
| videō | vidēre | vīdī | vīsus | see |
| voveō | vovēre | vōvī | vōtus | vow |
VI. PERFECT IN -Ī WITHOUT EITHER REDUPLICATION OR LENGTHENING OF STEM VOWEL.
| ferveō | fervēre | (fervī, ferbuī) | —— | boil |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| prandeō | prandēre | prandī | prānsus (§ 114, 2) | lunch |
| strīdeō | strīdēre | strīdī | —— | creak |
VII. DEPONENTS.
| liceor | licērī | licitus sum | bid |
|---|---|---|---|
| polliceor | pollicērī | pollicitus sum | promise |
| mereor | merērī | meritus sum | earn |
| misereor | miserērī | miseritus sum | pity |
| vereor | verērī | veritus sum | fear |
| fateor | fatērī | fassus sum | confess |
| cōnfiteor | cōnfitērī | cōnfessus sum | confess |
| reor | rērī | ratus sum | think |
| medeor | medērī | —— | heal |
| tueor | tuērī | —— | protect |
Third (Consonant) Conjugation.
Third (Consonant) Conjugation.
122. I. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN A CONSONANT.
1. Perfect in -sī.
a. Type -ō, -ĕre, -sī, -tus.
| carpō | carpere | carpsī | carptus | pluck |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| sculpō | sculpere | sculpsī | sculptus | chisel |
| rēpō | rēpere | rēpsī | —— | creep |
| serpō | serpere | serpsī | —— | crawl |
| scribō | scribere | scrīpsī | scrīptus | write |
| nūbō | nūbere | nūpsī | nūpta (woman only) | marry |
| regō | regere | rēxī | rēctus | govern |
| tegō | tegere | tēxī | tēctus | cover |
| af-flīgō | afflīgere | afflīxī | afflīctus | shatter |
| dīcō | dīcere | dīxī | dictus | say |
| dūcō | dūcere | dūxī | ductus | lead |
| coquō | coquere | coxī | coctus | cook |
| trahō | trahere | trāxī | trāctus | draw |
| vehō | vehere | vexī | vectus | carry |
| cingō | cingere | cīnxī | cīnctus | gird |
| tingō | tingere | tīnxī | tīnctus | dip |
| jungō | jungere | jūnxī | jūnctus | join |
| fingō | fingere | fīnxī | fīctus | would |
| pingō | pingere | pīnxī | pīctus | paint |
| stringō | stringere | strīnxī | strictus | bind |
| -stinguō[44] | -stinguere | -stīnxī | -stīnctus | blot out |
| unguō | unguere | ūnxī | ūnctus | anoint |
| vīvō | vīvere | vīxī | vīctum (est) | live |
| gerō | gerere | gessī | gestus | carry |
| urō | ūrere | ussī | ūstus | burn |
| temnō | temnere | con-tempsī | con-temptus | despise |
b. Type -ō, -ĕre, -sī, -sus.
| fīgō | fīgere | fīxī | fīxus | fasten |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mergō | mergere | mersī | mersus | sink |
| spargō | spargere | sparsī | sparsus | scatter |
| flectō | flectere | flexī | flexus | bend |
| nectō | nectere | nexuī (nexī) | nexus | twine |
| mittō | mittere | mīsī | missus | send |
| rādō | rādere | rāsī | rāsus | shave |
| rōdō | rōdere | rōsī | rōsus | gnaw |
| vādō | vādere | -vāsī[45] | -vāsum (est)[45] | march, walk |
| lūdō | lūdere | lūsī | lūsum (est) | play |
| trūdō | trūdere | trūsī | trūsus | push |
| laedō | laedere | laesī | laesus | injure, hurt |
| claudō | claudere | clausī | clausus | close |
| plaudō | plaudere | plausī | plausum (est) | clap |
| explōdō | explōdere | explōsī | explōsus | hoot off |
| cēdō | cēdere | cessī | cessum (est) | withdraw |
| dīvidō | dīvidere | dīvīsī | dīvīsus | divide |
| premō | premere | pressī | pressus | press |
2. Perfect in -ī with Reduplication.
| ab-dō | abdere | abdidī | abditus | conceal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| red-dō | red-dere | reddidī | redditus | return |
| So addō, condō, dēdō, perdō, prōdō, trādō, etc. | ||||
| cōn-sistō | cōnsistere | cōnstitī | —— | take one's stand |
| resistō | resistere | restitī | —— | resist |
| circumsistō | circumsistere | circumstetī | —— | surround |
| cadō | cadere | cecidī | cāsūrus | fall |
| caedō | caedere | cecīdī | caesus | kill |
| pendō | pendere | pependī | pēnsus | weigh, pay |
| tendō | tendere | tetendī | tentus | stretch |
| tundō | tundere | tutudī | tūsus, tūnsus | beat |
| fallō | fallere | fefellī | (falsus, as Adj.) | deceive |
| pellō | pellere | pepulī | pulsus | drive out |
| currō | currere | cucurrī | cursum (est) | run |
| parcō | parcere | pepercī | parsūrus | spare |
| canō | canere | cecinī | —— | sing |
| tangō | tangere | tetigī | tāctus | touch |
| pungō | pungere | pupugī | pūnctus | prick |
| NOTE.—In the following verbs the perfects were originally reduplicated, but have lost the reduplicating syllable:— | ||||
| per-cellō | percellere | perculī | perculsus | strike down |
| findō | findere | fidī | fissus | split |
| scindō | scindere | scidī | scissus | tear apart |
| tollō | tollere | sus-tulī | sublātus | remove |
3. Perfect in -ī with Lengthening of Stem Vowel.
| agō | agere | ēgī | āctus | drive, do |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| peragō | peragere | perēgī | perāctus | finish |
| subigō | subigere | subēgī | subāctus | subdue |
| cōgō | cōgere | coēgī | coāctus | force, gather |
| frangō | frangere | frēgī | frāctus | break |
| perfringō | perfringere | perfrēgī | perfrāctus | break down |
| legō | legere | lēgī | lēctus | gather, read |
| perlegō | perlegere | perlēgī | perlēctus | read through |
| colligō | colligere | collēgī | collēctus | collect |
| dēligō | dēligere | dēlēgī | dēlēctus | choose |
| dīligō | dīligere | dīlēxī | dīlēctus | love |
| intellegō | intellegere | intellēxī | intellēctus | understand |
| neglegō | neglegere | neglēxī | neglēctus | neglect |
| emō | emere | ēmī | ēmptus | buy |
| coëmō | coëmere | coēmī | coēmptus | buy up |
| redimō | redimere | redēmī | redēmptus | buy back |
| dirimō | dirimere | dirēmī | dirēmptus | destroy |
| dēmō | dēmere | dēmpsī | dēmptus | take away |
| sūmō | sūmere | sūmpsī | sūmptus | take |
| prōmō | prōmere | prōmpsī | (prōmptus, as Adj.) | take out |
| vincō | vincere | vīcī | victus | conquer |
| re-linquō | relinquere | relīquī | relīctus | leave |
| rumpō | rumpere | rūpī | ruptus | break |
| edō | ēsse (§ 128) | ēdī | ēsus | eat |
| fundō | fundere | fūdī | fūsus | four |
4. Perfect in -ī without either Reduplication or Lengthening of Stem Vowel.
| excūdō | excūdere | excūdī | excūsus | hammer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| cōnsīdō | cōnsīdere | cōnsēdī | —— | take one's seat |
| possīdō | possīdere | possēdī | possessus | take possession |
| accendō | accendere | accendī | accēnsus | kindle |
| a-scendō | ascendere | ascendī | ascēnsum (est) | climb |
| dē-fendō | dēfendere | dēfendī | dēfēnsus | defend |
| pre-hendō | prehendere | prehendī | prehēnsus | seize |
| īcō | īcere | īcī | ictus | strike |
| vellō | vellere | vellī | vulsus | pluck |
| vertō | vertere | vertī | versus | turn |
| pandō | pandere | pandī | passus | spread |
| solvō | solvere | solvī | solūtus | loose |
| vīsō | vīsere | vīsī | vīsus | visit |
| volvō | volvere | volvī | volūtus | roll |
| verrō | verrere | verrī | versus | sweep |
5. Perfect in -uī.
| in-cumbō | incumbere | incubuī | incubitūrus | lean on |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gignō | gignere | genuī | genitus | bring forth |
| molō | molere | moluī | molitus | grind |
| vomō | vomere | vomuī | vomitus | vomit |
| fremō | fremere | fremuī | —— | snort |
| gemō | gemere | gemuī | —— | sigh |
| metō | metere | messuī | messus | reap |
| tremō | tremere | tremuī | —— | tremble |
| strepō | strepere | strepuī | —— | rattle |
| alō | alete | aluī | altus (alitus) | nourish |
| colō | colere | coluī | cultus | cultivate |
| incolō | incolere | incoluī | —— | inhabit |
| excolō | excolere | excoluī | excultus | perfect |
| cōnsulō | cōnsulere | cōnsuluī | cōnsultus | consult |
| cōnserō | cōnserere | cōnseruī | cōnsertus | join |
| dēserō | dēserere | dēseruī | dēsertus | desert |
| disserō | disserere | disseruī | —— | discourse |
| texō | texere | texuī | textus | weave |
6. Perfect in -vī.
| sinō | sinere | sīvī | situs | allow |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| desinō | dēsinere | dēsiī | dēsitus | cease |
| ponō | pōnere | posuī | positus | place |
| ob-linō | oblinere | oblēvī | oblitus | smear |
| serō | serere | sēvī | satus | sow |
| cōnserō | cōnserere | cōnsēvī | cōnsitus | plant |
| cernō | cernere | —— | —— | separate |
| discernō | discernere | discrēvī | discrētus | distinguish |
| dēcernō | dēcernere | dēcrēvī | dēcrētus | decide |
| spernō | spernere | sprēvī | sprētus | scorn |
| sternō | sternere | strāvī | strātus | spread |
| prō-sternō | prōsternere | prōstrāvī | prōstrātus | overthrow |
| petō | petere | petīvī (petiī) | petītus | seek |
| appetō | appetere | appetīvī | appetītus | long for |
| terō | terere | trīvī | trītus | rub |
| quaerō | quaerere | quaesīvī | quaesītus | seek |
| acquīrō | acquīrere | acquīsīvī | acquīsītus | acquire |
| arcessō | arcessere | arcessīvī | arcessītus | summon |
| capessō | capessere | capessīvī | capessītus | seize |
| lacessō | lacessere | lacessīvī | lacessītus | provoke |
7. Used only in Present System.
| angō | angere | —— | —— | choke |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| lambō | lambere | —— | —— | lick |
| claudō | claudere | —— | —— | be lame |
| furō | furere | —— | —— | rave |
| vergō | vergere | —— | —— | bend |
| and a few others. | ||||
II. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN -U.
| induō | induere | induī | indūtus | put on |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| imbuō | imbuere | imbuī | imbūtus | moisten |
| luō | luere | luī | —— | wash |
| polluō | polluere | polluī | pollūtus | defile |
| minuō | minuere | minuī | minūtus | lessen |
| statuō | statuere | statuī | statūtus | set up |
| cōnstituō | cōnstituere | cōnstituī | cōnstitūtus | determine |
| suō | suere | suī | sūtus | sew |
| tribuō | tribuere | tribuī | tribūtus | allot |
| ruō | ruere | ruī | ruitūrus | fall |
| dīruō | dīruere | dīruī | dīrutus | destroy |
| obruō | obruere | obruī | obrutus | overwhelm |
| acuō | acuere | acuī | —— | sharpen |
| arguō | arguere | arguī | —— | accuse |
| congruō | congruere | congruī | —— | agree |
| metuō | metuere | metuī | —— | fear |
| ab-nuō | abnuere | abnuī | —— | decline |
| re-spuō | respuere | respuī | —— | reject |
| struō | struere | strūxī | strūctus | build |
| fluō | fluere | flūxi | (flūxus, as Adj.) | flow |
III. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN -I.
| capiō | cupere | cupīvī | cupītus | wish |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| sapiō | sapere | sapīvī | —— | taste |
| rapiō | rapere | rapuī | raptus | snatch |
| dīripiō | dīripere | dīripuī | dīreptus | plunder |
| cōnspiciō | cōnspicere | cōnspexī | cōnspectus | gaze at |
| aspiciō | aspicere | aspexī | aspectus | behold |
| illiciō | illicere | illexī | illectus | allure |
| pelliciō | pellicere | pellexī | pellectus | allure |
| ēliciō | ēlicere | ēlicuī | ēlicitus | elicit |
| quatiō | quatere | —— | quassus | shake |
| concutiō | concutere | concussī | concussus | shake |
| pariō | parere | peperī | partus | bring forth |
| capiō | capere | cēpī | captus | take |
| accipiō | accipere | accēpī | acceptus | accept |
| incipiō | incipere | incēpī | inceptus | begin |
| faciō | facere | fēcī | factus | make |
| afficiō | afficere | affēcī | affectus | affect |
| Passive, afficior, afficī, affectus sum. | ||||
| So other prepositional compounds, perficiō, perficior; interficiō, interficior; etc. But— | ||||
| assuēfaciō | assuēfacere | assuēfēcī | assuēfactus | accustom |
| Passive, assuēfiō, assuēfieri, assuēfactus sum. | ||||
| So also patefaciō, patefīō; calefaciō, calefīō; and all non-prepositional compounds. | ||||
| jaciō | jacere | jēcī | jactus | hurl |
| abiciō | abicere | abjēcī | abjectus | throw away |
| fodiō | fodere | fōdī | fossus | dig |
| fugiō | fugere | fūgī | fugitūrus | flee |
| effugiō | effugere | effūgī | —— | escape |
IV. VERBS IN -SCŌ.
1. Verbs in -scō from Simple Roots.
| poscō | poscere | poposcī | —— | demand |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| discō | discere | didicī | —— | learn |
| pāscō | pāscere | pāvī | pāstus | feed |
| pāscor | pāscī | pāstus sum | graze | |
| crēscō | crēscere | crēvī | crētus | grow |
| cōnsuēscō | cōnsuēscere | cōnsuēvī | cōnsuētus | accustom one's self |
| quiēscō | quiēscere | quiēvī | quiētūrus | be still |
| adolēscō | adolēscere | adolēvi | adultus | grow up |
| obsolēscō | obsolēscerē | obsolēvī | —— | grow old |
| nōscō | nōscere | nōvī | —— | become acquainted with |
| ignōscō | ignōscere | ignōvī | ignōtūrus | pardon |
| agnōscō | agnōscere | agnōvī | agnitus | recognize |
| cognōscō | cognōscere | cognōvī | cognitus | get acquainted with |
2. Verbs in -scō formed from other Verbs.
These usually have Inchoative or Inceptive meaning (see § 155, 1). When they have the Perfect, it is the same as that of the Verbs from which they are derived.
| flōrēscō | flōrēscere | flōruī | begin to bloom | (flōreō) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| scīscō | scīscere | scīvī | enact | (scīo) |
| ārēscō | ārēscere | āruī | become dry | (āreō) |
| calēscō | calēscere | caluī | become hot | (caleō) |
| cōnsenēscō | cōnsenēscere | cōnsenuī | grow old | (seneō) |
| extimēscō | extimēscere | extimuī | fear greatly | (timeō) |
| ingemīscō | ingemīscere | ingemuī | sigh | (gemō) |
| adhaerēscō | adhaerēscere | adhaesī | stick | (haereō) |
3. Verbs in -scō derived from Adjectives, usually with Inchoative meaning.
| obdūrēscō | obdūrēscere | obdūruī | grow hard | (dūrus) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ēvanēscō | ēvanēscere | ēvinuī | disappear | (vānus) |
| percrēbrēsco | percrēbrēscere | percrēbruī | grow fresh | (crēber) |
| mātūrescō | mātūrēscere | mātūruī | grow ripe | (mātūrus) |
| obmūtēscō | obmūtēscere | obmūtuī | grow dumb | (mūtus) |
V. DEPONENTS.
| fungor | fungi | fūnctus sum | perform |
|---|---|---|---|
| queror | querī | questus sum | complain |
| loquor | loquī | locūtus sum | speak |
| sequor | sequī | secūtus sum | follow |
| fruor | fruī | fruitūrus | enjoy |
| perfruor | perfruī | perfrūctus sum | thoroughly enjoy |
| lābor | lābi | lāpsus sum | glide |
| amplector | amplectī | amplexus sum | embrace |
| nītor | nītī | nīsus sum, nīxus sum | strive |
| gradior | gradī | gressus sum | walk |
| patior | patī | passus sum | suffer |
| perpetior | perpetī | perpessus sum | endure |
| ūtor | ūtī | ūsus sum | use |
| morior | morī | mortuus sum | die |
| adipīscor | adipīscī | adeptus sum | acquire |
| comminīscor | comminīscī | commentus sum | invent |
| reminīscor | reminīscī | —— | remember |
| nancīscor | nancīscī | nanctus (nactus) sum | acquire |
| nāscor | nāscī | nātus sum | be born |
| oblīvīscor | oblīvīscī | oblītus sum | forget |
| pacīscor | pacīscī | pactus sum | covenant |
| proficīscor | proficīscī | profectus sum | set out |
| ulcīscor | ulcīscī | ultus sum | avenge |
| īrāscor | īrāscī | (īrātus, as Adj.) | be angry |
| vescor | vescī | —— | eat |
Fourth Conjugation.
Fourth Conjugation.
123. I. PERFECT ENDS IN -VĪ.
| audiō | audīre | audīvī | audītus | hear |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| So all regular Verbs of the Fourth Conjugation. | ||||
| sepeliō | sepelīre | sepelīvī | sepultus | bury |
II. PERFECT ENDS IN -UĪ.
| aperiō | aperīre | aperuī | apertus | open |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| operiō | operīre | operuī | opertus | cover |
| saliō | salīre | saluī | —— | leap |
III. PERFECT ENDS IN -SĪ.
| saepiō | saepīre | saepsī | saeptus | hedge in |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| sanciō | sancīre | sānxī | sānctus | ratify |
| vinciō | vincīre | vinxī | vinctus | bind |
| amiciō | amicīre | —— | amictus | envelop |
| fulciō | fulcīre | fulsī | fultus | prop up |
| referciō | refercīre | refersī | refertus | fill |
| sarciō | sarcīre | sarsī | sartus | patch |
| hauriō | haurīre | hausī | haustus | draw |
| sentiō | sentīre | sēnsī | sēnsus | feel |
IV. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH LENGTHENING OF STEM VOWEL.
| veniō | venīre | vēnī | ventum (est) | come |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| adveniō | advenīre | advēnī | adventum (est) | arrive |
| inveniō | invenīre | invēnī | inventus | find |
V. PERFECT WITH LOSS OF REDUPLICATION.
| reperiō | reperīre | repperī | repertus | find |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| comperiō | comperīre | comperī | compertus | learn |
VI. USED ONLY IN THE PRESENT.
| feriō | ferīre | —— | —— | strike |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ēsuriō | ēsurīre | —— | —— | be hungry |
VII. DEPONENTS.
| largior | largīrī | largītus sum | bestow |
|---|---|---|---|
| So many others. | |||
| experior | experīrī | expertus sum | try |
| opperior | opperīrī | oppertus sum | await |
| ōrdior | ōrdīrī | ōrsus sum | begin |
| orior | orīrī | ortus sum | arise |
| Orior usually follows the Third Conjugation in its inflection; as oreris, orĭtur, orĭmur; orerer (Imp. Subj.); orere (Imper.). | |||
| mētior | mētīrī | mēnsus sum | measure |
| assentior | assentīrī | assēnsus sum | assent |
IRREGULAR VERBS.
124. A number of Verbs are called Irregular. The most important are sum, dō, edō, ferō, volō, nōlō, mālō, eō, fīō. The peculiarity of these Verbs is that they append the personal endings in many forms directly to the stem, instead of employing a connecting vowel, as fer-s (2d Sing. of fer-ō), instead of fer-i-s. They are but the relics of what was once in Latin a large class of Verbs.
125. The Inflection of sum has already been given. Its various compounds are inflected in the same way. They are—
| absum | abesse | āfuī | am absent |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pres. Partic. absēns (absentis), absent. | |||
| adsum | adesse | adfuī | am present |
| dēsum | deesse | dēfuī | am lacking |
| insum | inesse | īnfuī | am in |
| intersum | interesse | interfuī | am among |
| praesum | praeesse | praefuī | am in charge of |
| Pres. Partic. praesēns (praesentis), present | |||
| obsum | obesse | obfuī | hinder |
| prōsum | prōdesse | prōfuī | am of advantage |
| subsum | subesse | subfuī | am underneath |
| supersum | superesse | superfuī | am left |
NOTE.—Prōsum is compounded of prōd (earlier form of prō) and sum; the d disappears before consonants, as prōsumus; but prōdestis.
126. Possum. In its Present System possum is a compound of pot- (for pote, able) and sum; potuī is from an obsolete potēre.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| possum, | posse, | potuī, | to be able. |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | ||
| Pres. | possum, potes, potest; | possumus, potestis, possunt. | |
| Imp. | poteram; | poterāmus. | |
| Fut. | poterō; | poterimus. | |
| Perf. | potuī; | potuimus. | |
| Plup. | potueram; | potuerāmus. | |
| Fut. P. | potuerō; | potuerimus. | |
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | |||
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | ||
| Pres. | possim, possīs, possit; | possīmus, possītis, possint. | |
| Imp. | possem; | possēmus. | |
| Perf. | potuerim; | potuerīmus. | |
| Plup. | potuissem; | potuissēmus. | |
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | ||
| Pres. | posse. | Pres. | potēns (as an adjective). |
| Perf. | potuisse. | ||
127. Dō, I give.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| dō, | dăre, | dedī, | dătus. |
| Active Voice. INDICATIVE MOOD. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | ||
| Pres. | dō, dās, dat; | dămus, dătis, dant. | |
| Imp. | dăbam, etc.; | dăbāmus. | |
| Fut. | dăbō, etc.; | dăbimus. | |
| Perf. | dedī; | dedimus. | |
| Plup. | dederam; | dederāmus. | |
| Fut. P. | dederō; | dederimus. | |
| SUBJUNCTIVE | |||
| Pres. | dem; | dēmus. | |
| Imp. | dărem; | dărēmus. | |
| Perf. | dederim; | dederīmus. | |
| Plup. | dedissem; | dedissēmus. | |
| IMPERATIVE. | |||
| Pres. | dā; | dăte. | |
| Fut. | dătō; | dătōte. | |
| dătō. | dantō. | ||
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | ||
| Pres. | dăre. | dāns. | |
| Perf. | dedisse. | ||
| Fut. | dătūrus esse. | dătūrus. | |
| GERUND. | SUPINE. | ||
| dandī, etc. | dătum, dătū. | ||
1. The passive is inflected regularly with the short vowel. Thus: dărī, dătur, dărētur, etc.
2. The archaic and poetic Present Subjunctive forms duim, duint, perduit, perduint, etc., are not from the root da-, but from du-, a collateral root of similar meaning.
128. Edō, I eat.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| edō, | ēsse, | ēdī, | ēsus. |
| Active Voice. INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Pres. | edō, | edimus, |
| ēs, | ēstis, | |
| ēst; | edunt. | |
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | ||
| Imp. | ēssem, | ēssēmus, |
| ēssēs, | ēssētis, | |
| ēsset; | ēssent. | |
| IMPERATIVE. | ||
| Pres. | ēs; | ēste. |
| Fut. | ēstō; | ēstōte. |
| ēstō; | eduntō. | |
| INFINITIVE. | ||
| Pres. ēsse. | ||
| Passive Voice. INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. 3d Sing. ēstur. | ||
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | ||
| Imp. 3d Sing. ēssētur. | ||
1. Observe the long vowel of the forms in ēs-, which alone distinguishes them from the corresponding forms of esse, to be.
2. Note comedō, comēsse, comēdī, comēsus or comēstus, consume.
3. The Present Subjunctive has edim, -īs, -it, etc., less often edam, -ās, etc.
129. Ferō, I bear.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ferō, | ferre, | tulī, | lātus. |
| Active Voice. INDICATIVE MOOD. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | ||
| Pres. | ferō, fers, fert; | ferimus, fertis, ferunt.[46] | |
| Imp. | ferēbam; | ferēbāmus. | |
| Fut. | feram; | ferēmus. | |
| Perf. | tulī; | tulimus. | |
| Plup. | tuleram; | tulerāmus. | |
| Fut. P. | tulerō; | tulerimus. | |
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | |||
| Pres. | feram; | ferāmus. | |
| Imp. | ferrem; | ferrēmus. | |
| Perf. | tulerim; | tulerīmus. | |
| Plup. | tulissem; | tulissēmus. | |
| IMPERATIVE | |||
| Pres. | fer; | ferte. | |
| Fut. | fertō; | fertōte. | |
| fertō; | feruntō. | ||
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | ||
| Pres. | ferre. | Pres. | ferēns. |
| Perf. | tulisse. | ||
| Fut. | lātūrus esse. | Fut. | lātūrus. |
| GERUND. | SUPINE. | ||
| Gen. | ferendī. | ||
| Dat. | ferendō. | ||
| Acc. | ferendum. | Acc. | lātum. |
| Abl. | ferendō. | Abl. | lātū. |
| Passive Voice. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| feror, | ferrī, | lātus sum, | to be borne. |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | ||
| Pres. | feror, ferris, fertur; | ferimur, feriminī, feruntur. | |
| Imp. | ferēbar; | ferēbāmur. | |
| Fut. | ferar; | ferēmur. | |
| Perf. | lātus sum; | lātī sumus. | |
| Plup. | lātus eram; | lātī erāmus. | |
| Fut. P. | lātus erō; | lātī erimus. | |
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | |||
| Pres. | ferar; | ferāmur. | |
| Imp. | ferrer; | ferrēmur. | |
| Perf. | lātus sim; | lātī sīmus. | |
| Plup. | lātus essem; | lātī essēmus. | |
| IMPERATIVE. | |||
| Pres. | ferre; | ferimimī. | |
| Fut. | fertor; | —— | |
| fertor; | feruntor. | ||
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | ||
| Pres. | ferrī. | ||
| Perf. | lātus esse. | Perf. | lātus. |
| Fut. | lātum īrī. | Fut. | ferendus. |
So also the Compounds—
| afferō | afferre | attulī | allātus | bring toward |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| auferō | auferre | abstulī | ablātus | take away |
| cōnferō | cōnferre | contulī | collātus | compare |
| differō | differre | distulī | dīlātus | put off |
| efferō | efferre | extulī | ēlātus | carry out |
| īnferō | īnferre | intulī | illātus | bring against |
| offerō | offerre | obtulī | oblātus | present |
| referō | referre | rettulī | relātus | bring back |
NOTE.—The forms sustulī and sublātus belong to tollō.
130. volō, nōlō, mālō.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| volō, | velle, | voluī, | to wish. |
| nōlō, | nōlle, | nōluī, | to be unwilling. |
| mālō, | mālle, | māluī, | to prefer. |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pres. | volō, | nōlō, | mālō, |
| vīs, | nōn vīs, | māvīs, | |
| vult; | nōn vult; | māvult; | |
| volumus, | nōlumus, | mālumus, | |
| vultis, | nōn vultis, | māvultis, | |
| volunt. | nōlunt. | mālunt. | |
| Imp. | volēbam. | nōlēbam. | mālēbam. |
| Fut. | volam. | nōlam. | mālam. |
| Perf. | voluī. | nōluī. | māluī. |
| Plup. | volueram. | nōlueram. | mālueram. |
| Fut. P. | voluerō. | nōluerō. | māluerō. |
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | |||
| Pres. | velim, -īs, -it, etc. | nōlim. | mālīm. |
| Inf. | vellem, -ēs, -et, etc. | nōllem. | māllem. |
| Perf. | voluerim. | nōluerim. | māluerim. |
| Pluf. | voluissem. | nōluissem. | māluissem. |
| IMPERATIVE. | |||
| Pres. | nōlī; | nōlīte. | |
| Fut. | nōlītō; | nōlītōte. | |
| nōlītō; | nōluntō. |
| INFINITIVE. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pres. | velle. | nōlle. | mālle. |
| Perf. | voluisse. | nōluisse. | māluisse |
| PARTICIPLE. | |||
| Pres. | volēns | nōlēns. | —— |
131. Fīō.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| fīō, | fīerī, | factus sum, | to become, be made. |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| SINGULAR, | PLURAL. | ||
| Pres. | fīō, fīs, fit; | fīmus, fītis, fīunt. | |
| Inf. | fīēbam; | fīēbāmus. | |
| Fut. | fīam; | fīēmus. | |
| Perf. | factus sum; | factī sumus. | |
| Pluf. | factus eram; | factī erāmus. | |
| Fut. P. | factus erō; | factī erimus. | |
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | |||
| Pres. | fīam; | fīāmus. | |
| Imp. | fierem; | fierēmus. | |
| Perf. | factus sim; | factī sīmus. | |
| Plup. | factus essem; | factī essēmus. | |
| IMPERATIVE. | |||
| Pres. | fī; | fīte. | |
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | ||
| Pres. | fierī. | ||
| Perf. | factus esse. | Perf. | factus. |
| Fut. | factum īrī. | Ger. | faciendus. |
NOTE.—A few isolated forms of compounds of fīō occur; as, dēfit lacks; īnfit, begins.
132. Eō.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| eō, | īre, | īvī, | itum (est), | to go. |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | ||
| Pres. | eō, īs, it; | īmus, ītis, eunt. | |
| Imp. | ībam; | ībāmus. | |
| Fut. | ībō; | ībimus. | |
| Perf. | īvī (iī); | īvimus (iimus). | |
| Plup. | īveram (ieram); | īverāmus (ierāmus) | |
| Fut. P. | īverō (ierō); | īverimus (ierimus). | |
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | |||
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | ||
| Pres. | eam; | eāmus. | |
| Inf. | īrem; | īrēmus. | |
| Perf. | īverim (ierim); | īverīmus (ierīmus). | |
| Pluf. | īvissem (iissem, īssem); | īvissēmus (iissēmus, īssēmus). | |
| IMPERATIVE. | |||
| Pres. | ī; | īte. | |
| Fut. | ītō; | ītōte, | |
| ītō; | euntō. | ||
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | ||
| Pres. | īre. | Pres. | iēns. |
| Perf. | īvisse (īsse). | (Gen. euntis.) | |
| Fut. | itūrus esse. | Fut. | itūrus. Gerundive, eundum. |
| GERUND. | SUPINE. | ||
| eundī, etc. | itum, itū. | ||
1. Transitive compounds of eō admit the full Passive inflection; as adeor, adīris, adītur, etc.
DEFECTIVE VERBS.
Defective Verbs lack certain forms. The following are the most important:—
133. USED MAINLY IN THE PERFECT SYSTEM.
| Coepī, I have begun. | Meminī, I remember. | Ōdī, I hate. | |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Perf. | coepī. | meminī. | ōdī. |
| Plup. | coeperam. | memineram. | ōderam. |
| Fut. P. | coeperō. | meminerō. | ōderō. |
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | |||
| Perf. | coeperim. | meminerim. | ōderim. |
| Pluf. | coepissem. | meminissem. | ōdissem. |
| IMPERATIVE. | |||
| Sing. mementō; Plur. mementōte. | |||
| INFINITIVE. | |||
| Perf. | coepisse. | meminisse. | ōdisse. |
| Fut. | coeptūrus esse. | ōsūrus esse. | |
| PARTICIPLE. | |||
| Perf. | coeptus, begun. | ōsus. | |
| Fut. | coeptūrus. | ōsūrus. | |
1. When coepī governs a Passive Infinitive it usually takes the form coeptus est; as, amārī coeptus est, he began to be loved.
2. Note that meminī and ōdī, though Perfect in form, are Present in sense. Similarly the Pluperfect and Future Perfect have the force of the Imperfect and Future; as, memineram, I remembered; ōderō, I shall hate.
134. Inquam, I say (inserted between words of a direct quotation)
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
|---|---|---|
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | |
| Pres. | inquam, | —— |
| inquis, | —— | |
| inquit; | inquiunt. | |
| Fut. | —— | —— |
| inquiēs, | —— | |
| inquiet. | —— | |
| Perf. 3d Sing. inquit. | ||
135. Ajō, I say.
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
|---|---|---|
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL | |
| Pres. | ajō, | —— |
| aīs, | —— | |
| ait; | ajunt. | |
| Imp. | ajēbam, | ajēbāmus, |
| ajēbās, | ajēbātis, | |
| ajēbat; | ajēbant. | |
| Perf 3d Sing. aït. | ||
| SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres 3d Sing. ajat. | ||
NOTE.—For aīsne, do you mean? aīn is common.
136. Fārī, to speak.
This is inflected regularly in the perfect tenses. In the Present System it has—
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
|---|---|---|
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | |
| Pres. | —— | —— |
| —— | —— | |
| fātur. | —— | |
| Fut. | fābor, | —— |
| —— | —— | |
| fābitur. | —— | |
| Impv. | fāre. | |
| Inf. | fārī. | |
| Pres. Partic. | fantis, fantī, etc. | |
| Gerund, G., | fandī; D. and Abl., fandō. | |
| Gerundive, | fandus. | |
NOTE.—Forms of fārī are rare. More frequent are its compounds; as,— affātur, he addresses; praefāmur, we say in advance.
137. OTHER DEFECTIVE FORMS.
1. Queō, quīre, quīvī, to be able, and nequeō, nequīre, nequīvī, to be unable, are inflected like eō, but occur chiefly in the Present Tense, and there only in special forms.
2. Quaesō, I entreat; quaesumus, we entreat.
3. Cedo (2d sing. Impv.), cette (2d plu.); give me, tell me.
4. Salvē, salvēte, hail. Also Infinitive, salvēre.
5. Havē (avē), havēte, hail. Also Infinitive, havēre.
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
138. Impersonal Verbs correspond to the English, it snows, it seems, etc. They have no personal subject, but may take an Infinitive, a Clause, or a Neuter Pronoun; as, mē pudet hōc fēcisse, lit. it shames me to have done this; hōc decet, this is fitting. Here belong—
I. Verbs denoting operations of the weather; as,—
| fulget | fulsit | it lightens |
|---|---|---|
| tonat | tonuit | it thunders |
| grandinat | —— | it hails |
| ningit | ninxit | it snows |
| pluit | pluit | it rains |
II. Special Verbs.
| paenitet | paenitēre | paenituit | it repents |
|---|---|---|---|
| piget | pigēre | piguit | it grieves |
| pudet | pudēre | puduit | it causes shame |
| taedet | taedēre | taeduit | it disgusts |
| miseret | miserēre | miseruit | it causes pity |
| libet | libēre | libuit | it pleases |
| licet | licēre | licuit | it is lawful |
| oportet | oportēre | oportuit | it is fitting |
| decet | decēre | decuit | it is becoming |
| dēdecet | dēdecēre | dēdecuit | it is unbecoming |
| rēfert | rēferre | rētulit | it concerns |
III. Verbs Impersonal only in Special Senses.
| cōnstat | cōnstāre | cōnstitit | it is evident |
|---|---|---|---|
| praestat | praestāre | praestitit | it is better |
| juvat | juvāre | jūvit | it delights |
| appāret | appārēre | appāruit | it appears |
| placet | placēre | placuit (placitum est) | it pleases |
| accēdit | accēdere | accessit | it is added |
| accidit | accidere | accidit | it happens |
| contingit | contingere | contigit | it happens |
| ēvenit | ēvenīre | ēvēnit | it turns out |
| interest | interesse | interfuit | it concerns |
IV. The Passive of Intransitive Verbs; as,—
| ītur | lit. it is gone | i.e. some one goes |
|---|---|---|
| curritur | lit. it is run | i.e. some one runs |
| ventum est | lit. it has been come | i.e. some one has come |
| veniendum est | lit. it must be come | i.e. somebody must come |
| pugnārī potest | lit. it can be fought | i.e. somebody can fight |